Journal: Neural Regeneration Research
Article Title: The compound ( E )-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one alleviates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01890
Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of D30 on PI3K-AKT pathway signaling and Gal-3 expression in vitro. (A, B) GO enrichment analysis (bubble map; A) and KEGG pathway analysis (histogram; B) performed as part of the pharmacological network analysis. (C) PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, p-mTOR, and mTOR expression in the hippocampus, as measured by immunoblot, after two fAβ injections. (D) Band densities are expressed as ratios of PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, p-mTOR, and mTOR to β-actin. (E) PI3K , AKT , mTOR , and Gal-3 mRNA expression levels in primary microglial cells stimulated with fAβ, as measured by qPCR. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM ( n = 3–4). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons post hoc test). AKT: Protein kinase B; D30: ( E )-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one; fAβ: fibrillar amyloid-β; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; p-AKT: phosphorylated protein kinase B; p-mTOR: phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Article Snippet: Next, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; rabbit, 1:8000, Proteintech, Wuhan, China, Cat# 16825-1-AP, RRID: AB_2109646), anti-Iba1 (goat, 1:1000, Abcam, Cat# ab5076, RRID: AB_2224402), anti-NeuN (rabbit, 1:1000, CST, Danvers, MA, USA, Cat# 24307, RRID: AB_2651140), anti-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; rabbit, 1:2000, Proteintech, Cat# 22226-1-AP, RRID: AB_2879038), anti-Aβ (rabbit, 1:1000, CST, Cat# 8243, RRID: AB_2797642), anti-phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase (PI3K; rabbit, 1:1000, CST, Cat# 4249, RRID: AB_2165248), anti-phosphorylated protein kinase B (p- AKT; rabbit, 1:2000, CST, Cat# 4060, RRID: AB_2315049), anti-AKT (rabbit, 1:2000, CST, Cat# 4691, RRID: AB_915783), anti-phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR; rabbit, 1:1000, CST, Cat# 5536, RRID:AB_10691552), anti-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; rabbit, 1:1000, CST, Cat# 2983, RRID: AB_2105622), anti-synaptophysin (rabbit, 1:5000, Abcam, Cat# ab32127, RRID: AB_2286949), anti-postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95; mouse, 1:3000, Abcam, Cat# ab13552, RRID: AB_300453), anti-Gal-3 (rabbit, 1:4000, Proteintech, Cat# 14979-1-AP, RRID: AB_2136768), anti-CD68 (rabbit, 1:2000, Proteintech, Cat# 28058-1-AP, RRID: AB_2881049), anti-C3 (rabbit, 1:3000, Abcam, Cat# ab97462, RRID: AB_10679468), anti-TNF-α (rabbit, 1:2000, Proteintech, Cat# 26405-1-AP, RRID: AB_2918102), anti-vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid transporter (VGAT; guinea pig, 1:2000, SYSY, Göttingen, Germany, Cat# 131-004, RRID: AB_887873), anti-β-actin (mouse, 1:6000, Proteintech, Cat# 66009-1-lg, RRID: AB_2782959), and anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; rabbit, 1:1000, CST, Cat# 5174, RRID: AB_10622025).
Techniques: Expressing, In Vitro, Western Blot, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction